To title page of Tertiary Marine Pelecypods of California and Baja California
CHAPTER F—BIVALVE SYSTEMATICS CONTINUED FROM CHAPTER E (USGS PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1228-E, 1992)
[Please cite as follows: Moore, E.J., 2003, Family Crassatellidae, in Tertiary marine pelecypods of California and Baja California, Chapter F: http://www.cmug.com/~chintimp/Crassatellidae.htm, 14 p., 2 pl.]
Family CRASSATELLIDAE
Subfamily CRASSATELLINAE
Genus CRASSATELLA Lamarck, 1799
"Subtrapezoidal, thick; prosogyrous beaks. Concentric ribbing and posterior angulation. Lunule and escutcheon deeply sunken. Resilial pit large, but not reaching lower margin of plate. Scars broad, anterior one reniform, posterior one ovate and truncate. Valve margins finely crenulate." (Moore, 1969, p. N573)
Geographic range.--Europe and North America.
Geologic range.--Cretaceous to Miocene.
Crassatella compacta Gabb
Plate 2, figure 12; Plate 2; Plate 2 caption
Crassatella compacta Gabb, 1869, p. 190, pl. 30, fig. 85. Nelson, 1925, p. 409. Stewart, 1930, p. 144-145, pl. 1, fig. 13.
?Crassatellites unioides Stanton. Dickerson, 1914, pl. 10, fig. 2. Not Crassatella unioides Stanton, 1896, p. 1041, pl. 65, figs. 1, 2.
Crassatellites branneri Waring, 1914, p. 782; 1917, p. 71, 74, pl. 14, fig. 17. Not Astarte (Crasssinella) branneri Arnold, 1903.
Original description.--"Shell small, elongate subtrigonal, thick; beaks about 1/3 of the length from the anterior end; cardinal margin sloping with a slight convexity to the posterior end, which is narrowly truncated; anterior end sloping, nearly straight above, broadly convex and prominent below; base nearly straight posteriorly, rounding upwards regularly in advance, and most prominent under the beaks; the lunule is almost entirely hidden in the matrix, but appears to be large and deeply impressed. Surface polished and marked by lines of growth in the middle, which develop into small ribs anteriorly; an angular ridge runs from the base to the posterior basal angle."
Holotype.--ANSP 4415; of branneri CAS/SU 160 (CAS 61919.03, new number).
Type locality.--Martinez, Contra Costa County, California. Martinez Formation, Paleocene; of branneri: SU 2695, Santa Monica Mountains, Calif. Martinez Group, Paleocene.
Supplementary description.--"There is a distinct posterior umbonal ridge and concentric lines, most prominent on the anterior region. The hinge is not known." (Stewart, 1930, p. 144).
Comparison.--"The posterior ventral margin of this species [compacta] is straighter than that of the large Eocene forms." (Stewart, 1930, p. 144).
Occurrence in California.--Paleocene: Martinez Formation (Stewart, 1930); Paleocene and Eocene: Lodo Formation (Smith, 1975).
Crassatella claytonensis (Dickerson)
Plate 2, figure 15; Plate 2; Plate 2 caption
Crassatellites claytonensis Dickerson, 1914, p. 131, pl. 10, figs. 4a, 4b.
Original description.--"Shell, elongate oval; beak, prominent and located one-fourth the distance from anterior end; posterior dorsal margin straight, with gentle slope to posterior; anterior dorsal margin short, concave; anterior end rounded; posterior end, truncated. A rounded umbonal slope extends to the junction of the posterior end and the arcuate ventral margin. Surface marked in umbonal region by prominent, rounded, concentric ribs. The specimens are imbedded in the matrix so that a complete hinge cannot be exposed, but the cardinal teeth appear to be those of Crassatellites."
Syntype.--UCMP 11670.
Type locality.--UC 1558. Contra Costa County, Calif. Martinez Formation, Paleocene.
Occurrence in California.--Paleocene: Martinez Formation (Dickerson, 1914).
Crassatella stewartvillensis (Dickerson)
Plate 1, figures 6, 8; Plate 1; Plate 1 caption
Crassatellites stewartvillensis Dickerson, 1914, p. 130, pl. 10, fig. 3.
Original description.--"Shell large, thick, trigonal; beaks rounded, prosogyrate, approximate, situated a third of the distance from the anterior end. Anterior end broadly rounded; posterior, rounded but narrower than anterior. Posterior dorsal margin, nearly straight sloping gently to the posterior end; anterior dorsal margin, short and steep; ventral margin, nearly straight. A prominent heart-shaped lunule is set off by a rounded ridge. The escutcheon is long and narrow and very definitely limited by two sharp angular ridges which extend along most of its length. Surface marked by growth lines only."
Holotype.--UCMP 11668.
Type locality.--UC 1540. Contra Costa County, Calif. , Martinez Formation, Paleocene.
Comparison.--"This form [stewartvillensis] differs from C. grandis in the less central position of the beak, in the slopes of the dorsal margins and in the less convex ventral margin. It differs from C. unioides Stanton [=compacta Gabb] in beak position and in its less elongate form." (Dickerson, 1914, p. 130)
Occurrence in California.--Paleocene: Martinez Formation (Dickerson, 1914).
Crassatella studleyi (Dickerson)
Plate 2, figures 11, 14; Plate 2; Plate 2 caption
Crassatellites studleyi Dickerson, 1914, p. 129-130, pl. 10, fig. 1.
Original description.--"Shell thick, high, suborbicular; beaks prominent, prosogyrate, moderately high, approximate, and situated back of mid-length. Posterior dorsal margin slightly convex, sloping to the broadly rounded posterior end. A well-marked, narrow escutcheon is set off by two acute ridges from the rest of the shell. Anterior dorsal margin nearly straight, longer than posterior dorsal margin, sloping more steeply than the posterior dorsal margin to a narrowly rounded anterior end. A narrow lunule inset in this margin is slightly concave under the beaks. Ventral margin, rounded. A marked rounded umbonal slope, which extends to a point between the posterior end and the ventral margin, divides the shell into a posterior and an anterior part. The posterior portion is a nearly flat surface while the anterior is convex."
Holotype.--UCMP 32756.
Type locality.--UC 1540. Contra Costa County, Calif. Martinez Formation, Paleocene.
Comparison.--"This species [C. studleyi] is distinguished from C. grandis by its greater convexity, by its marked umbonal slope and by lack of trigonal shape. It is distinguished from C. stewartvillensis, n. sp., by its more central position of beaks and by its umbonal slope." (Dickerson, 1914, p. 130)
Occurrence in California.--Paleocene: Martinez Formation (Dickerson, 1914).
Crassatella meganosensis (Clark and Woodford)
Plate 1, figures 1, 3, 7; Plate 1; Plate 1 caption
Crassatellites meganosensis Clark and Woodford, 1927, p. 90-91, pl. 15, figs. 1-5.
Original description.--"Shell large, heavy; beaks anterior to the middle, strongly inturned but only slightly prosogyrous. Anterior and posterior ends broadly and regularly rounded, the posterior being somewhat the narrower; posterior dorsal edge long, straight; anterior dorsal edge gently concave, only a little over half the length of the posterior. The lunule is large, elongate cordate, deeply depressed, extending almost the entire length of the anterior dorsal edge; escutcheon long, narrow, rather inconspicuous for this genus. Surface smooth, except for medium fine lines of growth. Only an imperfect hinge plate was obtained. It is broad and heavy with broad resilifer and heavy cardinals. The small specimen figured is believed to the the young of C. meganosensis. It will be noted that at this stage the surface just below the beaks is covered by heavy rounded undulations, the posterior end is subtruncated and there is a well defined umbonal ridge, all of which characters become obsolete in the adult shell. Dimensions.--Type: Length 79 mm, height 68 mm."
Holotype.--UCMP 31283.
Type locality.--UC 3159. Contra Costa County, Calif. Meganos Formation, Paleocene and Eocene.
Supplementary description.--"The type of C. meganosensis is a left valve and has a small, poorly defined escutcheon. The escutcheon in Crassatella is in many cases unequally divided between the two valves, and this appears to be the condition in C. meganosensis." (Vokes, 1939, p. 64)
Comparison.--"This species appears to be distinct from any of the other described species of Crassatellites. Possibly the most important character which separates it from the other species, aside from the outline, is the narrow, rather inconspicuous escutcheon. It comes nearest in outline to C. uvasana Conrad of the typical Tejon, from which it differs in that the anterior and posterior ends are narrower." (Clark and Woodford, 1927, p. 90)
"C. mulates has a straighter posterior margin, a sharper posterior angulation, and is higher in proportion to the length of the shell." [than meganosensis] (Vokes, 1939, p. 64)
Occurrence in California.--Paleocene and Eocene: Meganos Formation (Clark and Woodford, 1927)
Crassatella uvasana uvasana Conrad
Plate 2, figures 4-6, 9, 10, 16, 17; Plate 2; Plate 2 caption
Crassatella uvasana Conrad, 1855, p. 9. Conrad, 1857, p. 320, pl. 2, fig. 5. Gabb, 1864, p. 214, pl. 32, fig. 284. Stewart, 1930, p. 141-143, pl. 12, fig. 9. Squires, 1984, p. 47, figs. 11a-g. Squires, 1987, p. 64-65, fig. 111.
Crassatella uvasana s.s. Givens, 1974, p. 48.
Crassatellites uvasana (Conrad). Arnold and Hannibal, 1913, p. 569. Dickerson, 1915, p. 42, 80, pl. 2, fig. 2. Anderson and Hanna, 1925, p. 172-174, pl. 4, figs. 2, 3, text fig. 7.
Crassatella uvasana uvasana (Conrad). Givens and Kennedy, 1979, table 4.
Crassatella alta Conrad, 1855, p. 9; 1857, p. 321. Not Conrad, 1832, p. 21, pl. 7. [Renamed Crassatella grandis Gabb, 1864].
Crassatella grandis Gabb, 1864, p. 181, pl.24, fig. 163.
Crassatellites grandis Gabb. Arnold, 1909, pl. 3, fig. 10, 10a, 14. Dickerson, 1915, pl. 1, fig. 8; pl. 2, figs. 1a, 1b. Waring, 1917, p. 74-76, pl. 12, fig. 16.
Astarte semidentata Cooper, 1894, p. 48, pl. 3, figs. 44, 45.
Crassatellites semidentata (Cooper). M.A. Hanna, 1927, p. 282, pl. 35, figs. 1, 2.
Crassatella uvasana (Conrad) semidentata (Cooper). Vokes, 1939, p. 64-65, pl. 4, figs. 4, 6, 8, 10, 12. Givens, 1974, p. 48.
Original description.--"Subtriangular, compressed, concentrically sulcated above, and having a few slight concentric undulations inferiorly; ligament slope very oblique, rectilinear; anterior extremity regularly rounded."
Type.--Of uvasana, neotype ANSP 4461 (Stewart, 1930, p. 142, pl. 12, fig. 9); of grandis, lectotype UCMP 31449 (Stewart, 1930, p. 142); of semidentata, syntypes CAS 618, 618a-c (CAS 66541.01, 66541.02, 66541.03, new numbers).
Type localities.--Of uvasana: Grapevine Canyon, Tejon Quadrangle, Kern County, Calif. Tejon Formation, Eocene; of grandis: Live Oak Canyon, Tejon Quadrangle, Kern County, Calif. Tejon Formation, Eocene; of semidentata: Rose Canyon, San Diego County, Calif. Rose Canyon Shale, Eocene.
Supplementary description.--"Shell thick, robust, triangular, convex; cardinal margin sloping a little convexly to the posterior end, which is subangular; anterior end broadly rounded below, deeply excavated above; lunule large, lanceolate, and deeply impressed. Surface marked by a variable number of strong concentric ribs, near the beaks, which become obsolete within a half or three-fourths of an inch from the apex, and below which the rest of the shell is marked only by very fine lines of growth." (Gabb, 1864, p. 214)
"This species [uvasanus] is characterized by the undulations on the umbones, formed by the concentric ridges and growth lines, and this character seems to be constant." (Anderson and Hanna, 1925, p. 173)
"The shape of the young shell of C. uvasana varies from trigonal to a rather rounded outline. The increments of growth are added uniformly so that the posterior dorsal margin is straight or gently convex and the anterior dorsal margin is evenly concave." (Turner, 1938, p. 48)
Comparison.--"In having the beaks more or less centrally placed this species [uvasanus] does resemble C. alta but it is more produced posteriorly, and has a faint depressed area just anterior to the inconspicuous umbonal ridge." (Stewart, 1930, p. 143)
Occurrence in California.--Eocene: Juncal (Givens, 1974) and Llajas (Squires, 1983) Formations, Rose Canyon Shale (M.A. Hanna, 1927), Matilija (Givens, 1974), Tejon (Stewart, 1930), and Torrey Sandstones (Deméré and Boettcher, 1985).
Crassatella uvasana mathewsonii (Gabb)
Astarte mathewsonii Gabb, 1864, p. 179, 233, pl. 30, fig. 258.
Crassatella uvasana subsp. mathewsonii (Gabb). Stewart, 1930, p. 143-145, pl. 8, figs. 9, 11; pl. 17, fig. 6.
Crassatella uvasana (Conrad) mathewsonii (Gabb). Turner, 1938, p. 47-48, pl. 10, figs. 19-21.
Not Crassatellites mathewsonii (Gabb) of Dickerson, 1915, p. 42; 1916, p. 420, 444, pl. 36, figs. 9a, 9b [=C. semidentata (Cooper)].
Original description.--"Shell small, compressed, subquadrate, length and breadth about equal; beaks very prominent, strongly incurved, presented forwards, and overhanging the anterior end; cardinal margin straight and sloping downwards; posterior truncated; anterior deeply emarginate above, narrowly and prominently rounded below. Surface marked by fine, irregular, concentric lines, variable in different specimens, but usually most prominent near the beaks. Lunule deeply impressed."
Holotype.--ANSP 4563; paratypes ANSP 4479, 5463a.
Type locality.-Martinez, Concord Quadrangle, Contra Costa County, Calif. Tejon Formation, Eocene.
Supplementary description.--"The holotype of 'Astarte' mathewsonii ***is an immature shell but fairly well preserved. The lunule is large and sunken, the escutcheon is long and narrow. The prominence of the concentric lines on the later portion of the shell is due, at least, in part, to erosion. The ligamental cavity is restricted. The median cardinal, though broken, was quite large. The hinge of the larger left valve***has two cardinals, and the anterior ridge and the posterior socket which functioned as lateral teeth." (Stewart, 1930, p. 143)
Comparison.--"This form [uvasana mathewsonii] seems closely related to C. uvasana. On the few specimens available, the concentric lines of the umbo are closer together than on the typical but not enough specimens have been examined to warrant placing any confidence on this criterion." (Stewart, 1930, p. 144)
Occurrence in California.--Tejon Formation, s.l. (Stewart, 1930).
Crassatella mulates M.A. Hanna
Plate 1, figures 9, 10; Plate 1; Plate 1 caption
Hanna, 1927, p. 282, pl. 34, figs. 2, 3, 6, 7, 9. Clark, 1929, pl. 7, figs. 2, 3.
Crassatella mulates (Hanna). Vokes, 1939, p. 63, pl. 4, figs. 4, 5. Givens, 1974, p. 47-48.
Original description.--"Shell large, heavy, subtrigonal; beak prominent, slightly anterior to the center; ventral broadly rounded; anterior ventral point less broadly rounded; posterior ventral point more sharply rounded; anterior and posterior slopes nearly straight; posterior surface distinctly angulate; area posterior to the angulation nearly flat to the margin, bearing one small minor fold; surface bears only prominent concentric sculpturing; lunule large, deep, flat, and bordered by a ridge; escutcheon long, prominent, deep, flat, and bordered by a ridge; inner margin smooth; hinge plate large, massive triangular; hinge typically crassatellitiform.
"The small paratype shows the concentric sculpturing to consist of well rounded ribs separated by narrow V-shaped interspaces. The sculpturing is more prominent on the anterior than on the posterior."
Holotype.--UCMP 31006.
Type locality.--UC 5062. San Diego County, Calif., Rose Canyon Shale, Eocene.
Comparison.--"This species [mulates] differs from Crassatellites uvasana (Conrad) in having distinct posterior angulation. The anterior of Crassatellites uvasana (Conrad) is more protruding than the anterior of Crassatellites mulates n. sp. Crassatellites mulates n. sp. is higher than Conrad's species, and the escutcheon is more prominent.
"Crassatellites uvasana is the only species with which Crassatellites mulates might be confused." (Hanna, 1927, p. 282)
Occurrence in California.--Eocene: Rose Canyon Shale (Hanna, 1927) and Juncal Formation (Givens, 1974).
Crassatella unioides Stanton
Crassatella unioides Stanton, 1896, p. 1041, pl. 65, figs. 1, 2. Schenck and Keen, 1940, pl. 19, fig. 6.
Not Crassatellites unioides (Stanton). Dickerson, 1914, p. 151, pl. 10, fig. 2 [=C. compacta (Gabb)].
Original description.--"Shell large, thick, very much elongated, with prominent, almost terminal, beaks; anterior end broadly rounded; posterior end also rounded, but much narrower; dorsal margin sloping regularly from the beaks to the posterior end; ventral margin almost straight; surface showing only lines of growth, but revealing radiating lines toward the front when slightly exfoliated; lunule cordate, rather deep; free margins denticulate within."
Holotype.--USNM 157827.
Type locality.--Southeast of Lower Lake 1 mile [1.6 km], [Lake County], Calif. Martinez Formation, Paleocene.
Occurrence in California.--Paleocene: Martinez (Dickerson, 1914) and Silverado (Schoellhamer and others, 1981) Formations.
Crassatella lillisi (Dickerson)
Plate 2, figure 2; Plate 2; Plate 2 caption
Crassatellites lillisi Dickerson, 1916, p. 482, pl. 36, fig. 10.
Original description.--"Shell solid, small, trigonal, with prominent, central beaks; the anterior dorsal margin concave, sloping gently to a rounded anterior end; the posterior dorsal margin straight and sloping to a narrowly pointed posterior; ventral margin, broadly rounded; lunule large, but obscure in type specimen; fine concentric, incremental lines decorating the shell."
Holotype.--UCMP 11797.
Type locality.--UC 1817, Fresno County, Calif. Cerros Shale Member, Lodo Formation, Paleocene.
Comparison.--"Only the type specimen is known. It is easily distinguished from C. grandis by its greater length and by the gentler slopes of its dorsal margins." (Dickerson, 1916, p. 482)
Occurrence in California.--Paleocene: Cerros Shale Member, Lodo (Keen and Benston, 1944) and Meganos (Clark, 1921) Formations.
Crassatella granti (Wiedey)
Plate 1, figures 4, 5; Plate 1; Plate 1 caption
Spisula granti Wiedey, 1928, p. 152-153, pl. 20, figs. 2, 3.
Crassatellites granti (Wiedey). Loel and Corey, 1932, p. 207, pl. 35, figs. 1a, 1b, 2, 3a, 3b; pl. 36, fig. 2. Schenck and Keen, 1940, pl. 31, figs. 3, 4. Woodring, 1940, p. 82, pl. 13, figs. 1, 2; pl. 14, figs. 1, 2.
Crassatella granti (Wiedey). Adegoke, 1969, p. 115.
Tivela(?) vaquerosensis Wiedey, 1929, p. 288, pl. 33, fig. 1.
Original description.--"Shell thick and of large size and subtrigonal in outline; equivalve, equilateral, well inflated. Anterior dorsal margin of moderate length, sloping away from the beaks rather sharply, either straight or gently concave in contour. The anterior dorsal extremity is more sharply rounded above than below. The basal margin is regularly and broadly rounded to the posterior dorsal extremity, which is rather more sharply rounded. Posterior dorsal margin nearly straight, sloping at an angle similar to that assumed by the corresponding anterior feature. Umbones prominent, sharply convexly inflated and elevated without a distinct umbonal ridge; beaks large, blunt, strongly inturned, adjacent, and situated equidistantly from either extremity of the shell. The sculpture consists of concentric incremental lines which are fine and close-set. Lunule obscured but apparently not deep, but cordate in outline and of moderate size. The ligament is in a shallow excavated groove which is about half the length of the posterior dorsal margin. Two poorly defined ridges outline the posterior area of the shell and extend to the posterior extremity, but do not markedly separate this area from the main body of the shell. Length 68 mm.; breadth, 57 mm.; thickness of attached valves, 35 mm."
Holotype.--SDNM 40.
Type locality.--SU 200, Monterey County, Calif. Vaqueros Formation, Oligocene and Miocene; of vaquerosensis SU 200, Monterey County, Calif. Vaqueros Formation, Oligocene and Miocene.
Comparison.--"Crassatellites granti (Wiedey) should not be confused with C. collina Conrad (1856, 1857) which occurs in the Oligocene(?) of the western Santa Ynez Mountains, the present discussed species [granti] being distinct in its longer, less trigonal outline, lower umbones, and straighter dorsal margins." (Loel and Corey, 1932)
Occurrence in California.--Oligocene and Miocene: Vaqueros Formation (Loel and Corey, 1932); Miocene: Temblor Formation (Adegoke, 1969).
"Crassatellites brainerdi Dickerson"
Plate 1, figure 2; Plate 1; Plate 1 caption
Crassatellites brainerdi Dickerson, 1914, p. 300, pl. 29, fig. 2.
Original description.--"Shell trigonal, high, with a rounded anterior extremity and sharply pointed posterior extremity. The beak is situated about one-third of the distance from the anterior end. The slightly convex posterior dorsal margin slopes steeply to an angulated posterior end. The gently rounded anterior dorsal margin is moderately excavated under the beaks. The shell has a medium sized, heart-shaped lunule and a long, narrow, indistinct escutcheon. Base broadly rounded."
Holotype.-UCMP 11757.
Type locality.--UC 2233, Santa Ana Mountains, Orange County, Calif. Martinez Formation, Eocene.
Comments.--According to Nelson (1925) this species is a venerid, probably a Pitaria. The holotype is a single valve with the hinge not exposed and with some shell missing.
Geographic range.--Southern California.
Geologic range.--Paleocene.
Occurrence in California.--Paleocene: Martinez Formation (Dickerson, 1914).
Crassatella collina (Conrad)
Crassatella collina Conrad, 1857, p. 193, pl. 6, figs. 1, 2. Gabb, 1866, p. 29, pl. 8, fig. 50. Arnold, 1907a, p. 420, pl. 50, figs. 2, 3. Arnold and Anderson, 1907, pl. 12, figs. 2a, 2b, 3. Woodring, 1931, p. 378-380. Weaver and Kleinpell, 1963, p. 199, pl. 32, figs. 1-7; pl. 33, fig. 1.
Original description.--"Triangular, inequilateral, ventricose, thick; anterior and posterior margins very oblique, and nearly equal in slope-the anterior a little incurved, the posterior straight or a little sinuous; umbo contracted or laterally compressed and triangular; summit prominent; posterior side cuneiform."
Holotype.--USNM 13339 (Woodring, 1931, p. 378.)
Type locality.--Santa Ynez Mountains, Santa Barbara County, California. Gaviota Formation, Eocene and Oligocene.
Supplementary description.--"Arnold [1907a]***figured the hinge of a left valve, in which the right anterior cardinal is clasped in its socket between the left anterior and middle cardinals, the latter of which is broken.***Another specimen from the same lot shows the left hinge more satisfactorily. The middle [left] cardinal is long and slender. The anterior end of the chondrohore extends down almost to the edge of the hinge plate, the lower edge of which is broken back a short distance on both specimens. A long narrow ridge lies along the anterior edge of the chondrophore. Apparently a long slender right posterior cardinal fitted into the narrow space between this ridge and the middle cardinal, but the only accessible right hinge is on an immature specimen***that does not clearly show this cardinal. No free ventral inner margins are available, but an interior mold***that has a perfect ventral border for a short distance shows no crenulations. The large specimen figured by Arnold reveals faint hidden radial sculpture on worn patches on the ventral half of the shell, and another corroded specimen in the same lot has distinct hidden radial sculpture toward the ventral edge.
"C. collina probably represents a new group of crassatellids. It has the outline of Crassatellites, but its hinge is more like that of Bathytormus Stewart and the living American species, which seem to fall in Eucrassatella Iredale. C. collina is larger and less elongate than Bathytormus; to judge from the left hinge the right posterior cardinal is slender as in Bathytormus but is longer; and the left middle cardinal is more slender. The inner crenulations of Bathytormus are entirely or virtually suppressed. Eucrassatella is more elongate and has a heavier left middle cardinal, apparently a shorter and heavier right posterior cardinal, and the hidden radial sculpture is confined to the hinge border of lunule and escutcheon. As Stewart has pointed out [1930, p. 127] it [C. collina] resembles Crassatellites dalli Weaver, [1916, p. 39, pl. 2, figs. 15-18] an Eocene species from Washington that is a Crassatellites s. s. C. collina combines characters of the early and late Tertiary crassatellids, but it hardly bridges any gaps. It seems to be more closely allied to Eucrassatella than to Bathytomus or Crassatellites." (Woodring, 1931, p. 378-379)
Occurrence in California.--Eocene: Tejon Formation (Arnold and Anderson, 1907); Eocene and Oligocene: Gaviota (Keen and Bentson, 1944; Dibblee, 1950) and Sacate-Gaviota (Weaver and Kleinpell, 1963) Formations.
Crassatella weaveri (Clark)
Plate 2, figures 7, 8; Plate 2; Plate 2 caption
Crassatellites (Eucrassatella) weaveri Clark, 1938, p. 694, pl. 1, figs. 2, 5, 7, 9, 11, 25.
Original description.--"Shell heavy, beaks prosogyrous, moderately prominent and anterior to the median line; anterior and posterior ends rounded, the former being the broader; dorsal slopes nearly straight; lunule and escutcheon about at right angles to the main surface of the shell, not well defined on the holotype, which is an immature specimen, but fairly well defined but only slightly depressed on the larger specimens. Outer surface smooth except for heavy incremental lines, which, on the larger specimens, weather out in fairly prominent, concentric ridges separated by wider interspaces. The posterior of the two cardinals is well developed on the right valve only; it is fairly heavy and extends from the beak to the ventral edge of the hinge plate; an obscure anterior cardinal may be seen next to the dorsal margin on some of the specimens; however, on most of them this tooth is obsolete; the anterior or dorsal margin below the obsolete anterior cardinal is grooved for a short distance, into which groove the corresponding edge of the opposite valve fits. Left valve with two well-defined cardinals which join together a little below the beaks; the anterior cardinal is somewhat the heavier with its dorsal end overlapped by the lunular margin; there is a well-defined groove on the posterior dorsal edge into which fits the corresponding edge of the opposite valve. In both valves a broad triangular area is present on the hinge plate posterior to the cardinals; on this is a spoon-shaped resilifer, the lower edge of which is a little above the ventral edge of the hinge plate; the anterior edge of the resilifer and its anterior portion of the ventral edge are formed by a distinct lamellar-like plate which separates them from the cardinal. Dimensions: paratype 30830 (an immature specimen), length 13.7 mm., height 12.5 mm.; holotype 30831 (an immature speciemn), length 17.6 mm., height 14.5 mm.; paratype 30829 (posterior end broken), height 28.7 mm.; paratype 30828 (posterior end broken); paratype 30847, length 23.5 mm., height 18.8 mm."
Holotype.--UCMP 30831.
Type locality.--UC A1297. Markley Sandstone Member, Kreyenhagen Formation, Eocene. Middle California.
Occurrence in California.--Eocene: Markley Member, Kreyenhagen Formation (Clark, 1938).
Genus EUCRASSATELLA Iredale, 1924
"Transversely subtrigonal and inequilateral, large, thickened; with rounded ventral margin. Concentric ribs vanishing ventrally, stronger and closer toward more or less orthogyrous beaks. Cardinals strong, posterior ones straight in front of large pit which extends downward to lower margin of plate; laterals large. Inner margin smooth.
"Inequilateral, medium-sized to large thickened shells with a smooth inner margin, concentric ribs obsolete toward margin.
"This group has been known as Crassatella Lamarck, 1799, which paleontologists consider to be restricted to the lower Tertiary; its shell has a crenulate inner margin***it is a group with prosogyrate beaks." (Keen, 1971)
"From a study of the late Cenozoic and Recent species of Eucrassatella from western North America, three characteristics appear to be of use in distinguishing the different species. These characteristics are: Lunule shape, shell shape, and position of the right posterior cardinal tooth." (Stanton, 1966, p. 29)
"Members of Eucrassatella are medium-sized to large (to over 100 mm), with an even outline to produced posteriorly in some. The beaks are inflated in some species and flattened in others, and are prosogyrate to slightly opisthogyrate. The valves have prominent concentric folds, sometimes confined to the beaks but sometimes covering the entire shell surface.***Juvenile specimens are extraordinarily flattened laterally in some species.
"The attachment of the internal ligament extends from the umbones almost to the ventral margin of the hinge plate. There are two cardinal teeth anterior to the resilium in the left valve and two in the right, although the anterior cardinal may be almost obsolete in the right valve. The cardinal teeth often have serrations on their anterior and posterior surfaces. The right valve has an elongate posterior lateral tooth that fits into a slot in the left valve; the ventral margin of this slot is often raised into a tooth. The left valve has an anterior lateral tooth that fits into a slot in the right valve; the ventral margin of this slot is also often raised into a tooth.***The pallial sinus is entire, and there are no denticulations along the inner ventral valve margins.
"The most variable feature of species of Eucrassatella is the degree of elongation of the posterior end***" (Coan, 1984, p. 155, 156)
Geographic range.--Antartic, New Zealand, western Europe, Australia, North and South America.
Geologic range.--Paleocene to Holocene.
Habitat.--Eastern Pacific species live at depths between 10 and 65 m. (Coan, 1984, p. 156).
Eucrassatellafluctuata (Carpenter)
Astarte fluctuata Carpenter, 1864, p. 611, 642.
Eucrassatella fluctuata (Carpenter). Woodring and others, 1946, p. 81-82, pl. 13, figs. 1-8. Palmer, 1958, p. 81, pl. 7, figs. 5-7. Coan, 1984, p. 156, 158, figs. 3-5.
Crassatella fluctuata (Carpenter). Mount, 1974, p. 38-40, 42-43, pl. 1, figs. 7-10.
Eucrassatella (Hybolophus) fluctuata (Carpenter). Bernard, 1983, p. 36.
Eucrassatella fluctuata (Carpenter, 1864). Coan, Scott, and Bernard, 2000, p. 293, pl. 58.
Crassatellites lomitensis Oldroyd, 1924, p. 10, pl. C. Grant and Gale, 1931, p. 271.
Crassatella lomitensis (Oldroyd). Mount, 1974, p. 37-44, pl. 1, figs. 1-6.
Original description.--"A. T. valde planata, ovoidea, costis concentricis valde distantibus, anugustis, undulatis, ornata; marg. dors. post. subrecto, ant. concavo, lunula longa, parum impressa; ventr. satis rotundata; ant. valde rotundato; post. subquadrato; intus, v, dextr., lamina cardinali planata; dent. card. i. inter fossas ant. parvam, post. triangularem, extante; dent. lat. ant. acutiore, satis elongato, post. nullo; cicatr. adduct, ovalibus, postica callo definita; margine haud crenato; sulco ligamenti externi elongato. Long., .33; lat., .26."
Holotype.--USNM 1060; lectotype USNM 819749 (Coan, 1984, p. 158); of lomitensis UC Riverside 6621 (Coan, 1984, p. 158).
Type locality.--Catalina Island, California. Holocene. Of lomitensis, near Lomita, Los Angeles County, Calif. Lomita Marl Member, San Pedro Formation.
Supplementary description.--"Shell trigonal-elongate, solid, compressed, subequilateral. Sculpture of broad, widely spaced commarginal ribs, most prominent on umbones; sculpture heavier in some specimens, subdued in others.***Umbones orthogyrate to slightly prosogyrate. Lunule long, lightly impressed. Hinge plate strong, teeth prominent." (Coan, Scott, and Barnard, 2000, p. 293.)
Occurrence in California.--Pliocene: Lomita Marl Member and Timms Point Silt Member, San Pedro Formation, and San Pedro Sand (Woodring and others, 1946); Pliocene and Pleistocene: Fernando (Zinsmeister, 1971; Mount, 1971) and Saugus (Groves, 1991) Formations.
Habitat.--Living southern California 10-320 m in rubble. (Coan, Scott, and Bernard, 2000, p. 293)
Eucrassatella subgibbosus (GD. Hanna)
Plate 2, figures 1, 3; Plate 2; Plate 2 caption
Crassitellites [Error for Crassatellites] subgibbosus GD. Hanna, 1926, p. 463, pl. 28, figs. 3, 4.
Crassatellites subgibbosus Hanna. Grant and Gale, 1931, p. 271.
Eucrassatella (Hybolophus) subgibbosa (Hanna). Stanton, 1966, p. 28-29, pl. 5, figs. 9-12.
Original description.--"Shell similar to C. gibbosus Sowerby but less swollen, and in specimens of the same size, the posterior end is longer and less up-turned. Surface roughened by growth ridges of unequal strength; umbones with three heavy undulations; hinge area and teeth similar to gibbosus as figured by Nelson [1870, pl. 7, fig. 9] except that the central cardinal of the right valve of our species has a side brace, or spur projecting into the resilium; also in subgibbosus there does not appear to be the crenulation between the first and second cardinals of the right valve which he showed. Length 55 mm.; height, 41 mm.; thickness, 29 mm. (Type.)"
Holotype.--CAS 1818 (682.02, new number).
Type locality.--CAS 682. Imperial County, Calif. Imperial Formation (Woodring, 1930), Miocene and Pliocene.
Supplementary description.--"Shell opisthogyrate; posterior end truncated; dorsal posterior margin straight to slightly concave; inner shell margin smooth. Sculpture of rounded concentric ribs; lunule ovate, depressed but not deeply set; escutcheon broad, long, depressed. Sides of cardinal teeth grooved on well preserved specimens. Left valve: two cardinals, a posterior and an anterior lateral; anterior cardinal sloping forward, high; posterior cardinal much smaller; a low narrow ridge is on posterior edge of the resilifer; a posterior lateral lies well back along the narrow extension of the hinge plate; a small reduced anterior lateral is situated on the ventral edge of the anterior end of the hinge plate. Right valve: three cardinals, an anterior lateral; the anterior cardinal lies along the edge of the lunule; it is long, narrow, and low; the middle cardinal is much heavier and higher; the right posterior cardinal is represented by a short spur branching from the middle cardinal about midway from beak to hinge plate edge and extending down and back to the edge of the hinge plate. The right anterior lateral is a small reduced bump at the anterior end of the hinge plate." (Stanton, 1966, p. 28-29)
Comparison.--"E. subgibbosa is distinguished from E. gibbosa, E. digueti, and E. laronus by having an ovate rather than elongate lunule." (Stanton, 1966, p. 29)
Occurrence in California.--Miocene: Castaic Formation (Stanton, 1966); Miocene and Pliocene: Imperial Formation (Woodring, 1930)
Subfamily SCAMBULINAE
Genus CRASSINELLA Guppy, 1874
"The Crassinellas contrast sharply with the Crassatellas in size, for few specimens even approach a diameter of 10 mm. They are triangular, concentrically sculptured with undulating ribs of varying strength***The genus is one of the few in which the beaks are opisthogyrate***" (Keen, 1971, p. 104)
"Shell small, trigonal to rounded, compressed. Posterior end produced. Sculpture absent or undulating commarginal ribs. Lunule narrow; escutcheon broad, impressed. Umbones depressed, opisthogyrate. Hinge plate strong; cardinal teeth long, laminar. Ligament mostly internal, in deep oblique resilifer. Left valve with strong posterior lateral tooth. Adult byssate." (Coan, Scott, and Bernard, 2000, p. 294)
Geographic range.--America and West Indies.
Geologic range.--Cretaceous (Coan, Scott, and Bernard, 2000, p. 294) to Holocene.
Crassinella pacifica (C.B. Adams)
Gouldia pacifica C.B. Adams, 1852, p. 499.
Crassinella pacifica (C.B. Adams, 1852). Olsson, 1961, p. 181-182, pl. 25, figs. 5-5e. Keen, 1971, p. 106, fig. 234.
Astarte (Crassinella) branneri Arnold, 1903, p. 127-128, pl 18, fig. 12.
Not Crassatellites branneri Waring, 1914, p. 782. 1917, p. 71, 74, pl. 14, fig. 17.
Crassinella quintenensis Manger, 1934, p. 298-299, pl. 21, figs. 1, 2.
Original description.--"Shell subtriangular, but with the ventral margin well excurved: the color varying in different specimens from dingy white to pale brown, often tinged with red about the beaks with some narrow rays of brown, and rarely with short irregular lines of brown: with eight to twelve stout subequal concentric ridges: sometimes radiately striated: beaks very acute and closely approximate: posterior area moderately depressed: lunule defined by well impressed line, rising at the margin of the valves: margin of the interior not crenulate. It is closely allied to G. parva Ad."
Lectotype.--MCZ 186297 (Turner, 1956); holotype of branneri USNM 11729.
Type locality.--Panama Bay, Panama; of branneri "upper San Pedro series at Los Cerritos", Calif. San Pedro Formation, Pleistocene.
Supplementary description.--"Shell of medium or large size, solid, usually stubby, elongately subtrigonal, the umbones convex and swollen, the anterior side convexly rounded, the posterior side a trifle shorter, contracted and pointed at the end. The flattened surface of the umbones is somewhat variable in size and in the strength of its sculpture; usually there are about six strong, concentric undulations present." (Olsson, 1961, p. 180)
"Shell trigonal, slightly compressed, subequilateral. Anterior end rounded; posterior end angulate, slightly produced.***Sculpture of heavy, widely spaced commarginal ribs and obscure radial striae. Umbones opisthogyrate, pointed. Length to 11 mm."(Coan, Scott, and Bernard, 2000, p. 294)
Occurrence in the Californias--Miocene and Pliocene: Imperial Formation (Powell, 1988); Pliocene: San Diego Formation (Hertlein and Grant, 1972); Pliocene and Pleistocene: Fernando (Kennedy, 1975) and San Pedro (Arnold, 1903) Formations; Pleistocene: Palos Verdes Sand (Woodring and others, 1946) and unnamed Pleistocene strata at Potrero Canyon, southern California (Valentine, 1956), and at Bahía San Quintin, Baja Califorinia Norte (Jordan, 1926; Manger, 1934).
Habitat.--In the intertidal zone to 160 m from southern California to Peru. (Coan, Scott, and Bernard, 2000, p. 294)
Crassinella varians (Carpenter)
Gouldia varians Carpenter, 1855, p. 83-84, no. 117. Keen, 1968, p. 393, text figure 2.
Crassinella varians (Carpenter). Hertlein and Strong, 1946, p. 104. Olsson, 1961, p. 183, pl. 25, figs. 7-7b. Keen. 1971, p. 106, fig. 235.
Original description.--"G. t. minimâ, subtrigonâ, subaequilaterali, formâ plus minusve angulato-rotundatâ, plus minusve elongatâ; albidâ, plus minusve fusco maculatâ; sublaevi, striis incrementi, sive costis concentricis paucis seu numerosis; superflcie lineis granulosis radiantibus creberrimis caelatâ; umbonibus subspiralibus, haud conspicuis; margine simplici, appresso; dentibus lateralibus."
Holotype.--BM(NH) 415-419, 22 syntypes (Keen, 1968, p. 393).
Type locality.--Punta Blanca, Ecuador. Holocene.
Supplementary description.--"The shell is generally small, subtrigonal, rather solid, moderately convex, subequilateral, the posterior side usually slightly longer, the dorsal margins quite straight, descending, the ventral margin widely rounded. Surface sculpture is often quite smooth except for growth incrementals or concentric riblets may be present, usually strongest on the umbones. Color plain white or blotched with brown, especially on the posterior side." (Olsson, 1961, p. 183)
Occurrence in California.--Miocene and Pliocene: Imperial Formation (Powell, 1988).
Habitat.--Living La Paz and Guaymas, Golfo de California to Ecuador; intertidal to 115 m (Bernard, 1983, p. 36).
[Last updated February 4, 2003.]
To title page of Tertiary Marine Pelecypods of California and Baja California
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