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To title page of Tertiary Marine Pelecypods of California and Baja California

[Please cite as follows: Moore, E.J., 2002, Family Pharidae, in Tertiary marine pelecypods of California and Baja California, Chapter F: http://www.cmug.com/~chintimp/Pharidae.htm, 4 p., 1 pl.]

Family PHARIDAE

Genus ENSIS Schumacher, 1817

"Beaks terminal or nearly so, dorsal margin slightly curved; 2 cardinal teeth or cardinal chevrons present; anterior adductor scar elongate." (Moore, 1969, p. N611)

"Shell very elongate, gaping at both ends; dorsal margin slightly to very concave; ventral margin convex. Umbones terminal. Left valve with two horizontal teeth separated by a groove, and two vertical teeth; right valve with one horizontal tooth and one vertical tooth. Anterior adductor scar very elongate." (Coan, Scott, and Bernard, 2002, p. 446)

Geographic range.--North America, Europe.

Geologic range.--Eocene to Holocene.

Ensis myrae S.S. Berry

Plate 14, figures 5, 6; Plate 14; Plate 14 caption

Ensis californicus Dall. Oldroyd, 1924, p. 189, pl. 49, fig. 6. Not Ensis californicus Dall, 1899.

Ensis myrae S.S. Berry, 1953, p. 398-399, figs. 3, 4. Hertlein and Grant, 1972, p. 309-310.

Original description.--"Shell of moderate size and slenderness, rather strongly falciform; valves narrowing slightly and rather sharply and squarely truncate in front, more rounded and narrowing a little more steadily and decidedly posteriorly. Hinge-plate strongly anterior in position, small and comparatively short; right major cardinal compressed, squarish in profile, strongly projecting; right posterior cardinal slender, short (appreciably less than one-tenth the length of the shell), laminar, teminating in a short free flange; left major cardinals strongly unciform and considerably heavier than that in the right valve; inner left posterior cardinal generally similar to its mate of the right valve, the weaker outer cardinal closely adnate to the shell margin. Exterior of shell mostly with a silky sheen due to the numerous fine growth-striae underlying the thin shining Sayal Brown to Mikado Brown periostracum; in adult shells the periostracum is usually rubbed away in a blade-shaped swath extending from the beaks to the posterior margin, this area being white except for some ruddy or purplish coloring, especially along the edges of the area and in the incremental rest-marks, where the Deep Rose Pink or Vinaceous tinting of the interior may shine through. Maximum longitude, 81.3 mm., altitude, 11.9 mm., percentage of altitude to length, 14:6 mm., diameter 5.8 mm."

Holotype.--CAS/SU 7582; (CAS 0644.60, new number).

Type locality.--"San Pedro Bay, California; mainly cast up by storms in the vicinty of Terminal Island." Holocene.

Comparison.--"This species [myrae] was described as differing from E. californicus Dall in the greater size, less slender outline, greater arcuation, squarish rather than rounded anterior end, the pallial line nearer the margin, and in minor details of the hinge.

"Ensis myrae, at times, has been mistaken for Solen rosaceus. The nearly straight anterior end of the pallial line and the gently obliquely sloping anterior retractor muscle impression are features which aid in separating even fragments of the anterior end (when the interior is exposed) from Carpenter's species. The corresponding muscle impression on S. rosaceus is wider and parallel to the dorsal margin of the valve." (Hertlein and Grant, 1972, p. 310)

Occurrence in California.--Pliocene: San Diego Formation (Hertlein and Grant, 1972).

Habitat.--14 to 46 m (Hertlein and Grant, 1972, p. 309); 5 to 25 m in sandy mud of bays and protected foreshsores. (E.V. Coan, P.H. Scott, and F.R. Bernard written commun.,1994). Living middle to southern California.

Genus SILIQUA Megerle von Mülfeld, 1811

"Thin-shelled, moderately large, with internal rib; pallial sinus widely rounded, fairly deep." (Moore, 1969, p. N613)

"Shell elongate, compressed and thin, gaping at both ends, smooth***Interior with a flattened radial rib extending ventrally from beaks. Hinge plate weak, with four small cardinal teeth in left valve and two cardinals in right valve, but they are often broken or lost in adult specimens. Anterior adductor muscle scar rounded." (E.V. Coan, P.H. Scott, and F.R. Bernard written commun., 1994)

Geographic range.--America, Europe, Pacific, Asia.

Geologic range.--Eocene to Holocene.

Siliqua oregonia Dall

Siliqua (patula Dixon var?) oregonia Dall, 1900, p. 957.

Siliqua patula Dixon var. oregonia Dall. Weaver, 1942, p. 230, pl. 54, fig. l.

Siliqua oregonia Dall. Faustman, 1964, p. 123-124, pl. 2, fig. 6.

Siliqua (Coyote) oregonia Dall. Roth, 1979, p. 336-339, pl. 7, figs. 10-12.

Original description.--"A somewhat imperfect specimen from the Miocene shales collected by Mr. Diller; differs from S. Nuttallii by its strong and straight clavicle, its proportionately wider shell, and its somewhat rostrate posterior extremity. It appears to be adult, and if so is much smaller than S. patula, which also has a more rounded posterior end. I await better material before figuring this interesting form, which is probably the same as that referred to by Gabb as S. patula from the Astoria Miocene. The shell measures about 65 mm long and 25 wide. The pallial sinus appears to be decidedly deeper and narrower than in S. Nuttallii."

Holotype.--USNM 156887.

Type locality.--Two Mile Creek, south of Bandon, Oregon. Port Orford Formation, Pliocene.

Supplementary description.--"The very young shells of Siliqua are donaciform and hardly recognizable as blonging to the same group as the adults." (Dall, 1900, p. 957)

"The shape of the posterior end is usually the best character for quick recognition of S. oregonia. The holotype***is an incomplete internal mold of both valves with shell material preserved only around the margins. It clearly shows, however, the distinctive characters of narrowed, truncate posterior margin and vertical internal rib." (Roth, 1979, p. 3370)

Occurrence in California.--Pliocene and Pleistocene: Merced (Roth, 1979) and Rio Dell Formations, Wildcat Group (Roth, 1979); Pleistocene: Scotia Bluffs Sandstone (Roth, 1979).

Siliqua lucida (Conrad)

Plate 14, figure 8; Plate 14; Plate 14 caption

S[olecurtus]. lucidus Conrad, 1837, p. 231, pl. 17, fig. 8.

Siliqua lucida (Conrad). Clark, 1915, p. 420, pl. 44, fig. 3. Oldroyd, 1924, p. 189, pl. 52, fig. 2. Grant and Gale, 1931, p. 389, pl. 21, fig. 6. Adegoke, 1969, p. 133. Hertlein and Grant, 1972, p. 311, pl. 49, fig. 2. Morris and others, 1980, p. 386, fig. 15.64.

Siliqua lucida (Conrad, 1837). Coan, Scott, and Bernard, 2000, p. 448, pl. 94.

Original description.--"Shell oblong, oval, compressed, thin, fragile, translucent; posterior extremity nearly direct, truncated; colour blueish, with purple concentric zones, and two oblique pale rays on the posterior side; interior rib nearly direct."

Syntypes.--BM(NH) 61.520.133 and 57.8.14.2.

Type locality.--"Inhabits the sand-beach, near Sta. Barbara; uncommon." California, Holocene.

Supplementary description.--"Shell thin; anterior end short; posterior end truncate; internal rib vertical to slightly directed anteriorly.***Length to 55 mm." (Coan, Scott, and Bernard, 2000, p. 448.)

Comparison.--"The shell of Siliqua lucida is separable from that of S. patula in that it is smaller and much more elongate, the ventral margin is more arcuate, and anterior end is shorter and the posterior end is somewhat more truncated." (Hertlein and Grant, 1972, p. 311)

Occurrence in the Californias.--Miocene: Briones Formation (Hertlein and Grant, 1972) and Cierbo and Neroly Sandtones, San Pablo Group (Weaver, 1949; Hall, 1960), and Santa Margarita (Nomland, 1917; Adegoke, 1969) Formations; Miocene and Pliocene: Etchegoin (Nomland, 1916) and Purisima (Arnold, 1906) Formations; Pliocene and Pleistocene: Fernando (Kennedy, 1975) and San Pedro (Arnold, 1903) Formations; Pleistocene: unnamed strata, southern California (Kanakoff and Emerson, 1959) and Baja California Norte (Valentine, 1957; Emerson, 1959; Valentine and Rowland, 1969).

Habitat.--"Uncommon, in burrows on exposed sandy beaches and in loose muddy sand in bays, low intertidal zone and subtidal to 50 m***" (Morris and others, 1980, p. 386) "In the low intertidal zone to 50 m, in mud and sand on exposed forshores." (Coan, Scott, and Bernard, 2000, p. 448)

Living northern California to Baja California Sur.

Siliqua patula (Dixon)

Solen patulus Dixon, 1789, p. 355, fig. 2.

Siliqua patula (Dixon). Conrad, 1868, p. 25. Oldroyd, 1924, p. 190, pl. 48; pl. 52, fig. 1. Grant and Gale, 1931, p. 387-388. Morris and others, 1980, p. 386, fig. 15.65.

Siliqua patula (Dixon, 1789). Coan, Scott, and Bernard, 2000, p. 448, pl. 94.

Original description.--"Shell large, altitude about four-ninths the length, beaks at about the anterior third, dorsal margins sloping away from them slightly, the anterior more than the posterior, anterior end strongly curving, posterior end somewhat truncated, both ends gaping, ventral margin nearly straight, sometimes bent in the middle, the posterior end of the shell sometimes slightly narrower; surface covered with a greenish epidermis, thin and yellow-green on smaller and more southerly specimens, heavy and brownish-green on old specimens or specimens that have lived in exposed or northerly localities, marked by concentric growth lines which show annual rings of different color or frequency, the northern specimens adding a narrower ring each year but living longer; hinge normal, the interior rib broad, low, sloping diagonally forward."

Holotype.--In the Swainson Collection according to Oldroyd (1924, p. 190).

Type locality.--From Cook's River, Alaska. Holocene.

Supplementary description.--"Shell thin; anterior end proportionately longer than in other eastern Pacific species.***Internal radial rib anteriorly directed, becoming wider from umbones. Length to 190 mm." (Coan, Scott, and Bernard, 2000, p. 448)

Occurrence in the Californias.--Miocene and Pliocene: Purisima Formation (Arnold, 1906; Faustman, 1974); Pliocene and Pleistocene: Fernando (Eldridge, 1907), Merced (Arnold, 1906; Weaver, 1949; Yancey, 1978), and Rio Dell (Faustman, 1964) Formations; Pleistocene: Unnamed sediments in Baja California Norte (Valentine, 1957).

Habitat.--"Common in sand on open, flat beaches receiving strong wave action. low intertidal zone to shallow subtidal depths***" (Morris and others, 1980, p. 386). On exposed sandy beaches (Coan, Scott, and Bernard, 2000, p. 448)

Living: Alaska to Oregon; fossil: middle California to Baja California Norte.

[Last updated June 28, 2002.]

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